Synthesis and characterization of asymmetrical gemini surfactants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
H NMR, fluorescence spectroscopy, surface tension and electrical conductivity measurements. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined using surface tension and confirmed using the specific conductance method. Krafft temperatures and the degree of micelle ionization (α) were obtained from specific conductance measurements. With an increase of the dissymmetry (m/n) ratio, the CMC decreased linearly and an increase in the Krafft temperatures was observed for all of the gemini surfactants. α values for the dissymmetric GS were higher than those of the m-3-m counterparts, which may be attributed to enhanced micelle-micelle interactions that arise from increased hydrophobicity of the hydrocarbon chains. The introduction of the bulky pyrenyl tail group resulted in much lower CMC values compared to their symmetrical counterparts affecting the packing of these surfactants at the air/water interface, which resulted in high-ordered structures (lamellar and inverted micelles). This in turn affected the thermodynamic parameters of the micellization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".