Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Soil of West Qurna-2 Oil Field Southern Iraq
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study focused on the determinate concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon by using capillary gas chromatographic for soil of ten stations in West Qurna-2 oil field. The first included light (low molecular weight) compounds with two-three fused aromatic rings which consisting of: naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and carbazole. The second included the heavy (high molecular weight) compounds with four or more fused aromatic rings consisting of: floranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)flouranthene, benzo(k)flouranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3,c,d)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. The dominant light PAHs compounds were acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene and carbazol. Whereas the dominant heavy PAHs compounds were floranthene, pyrene, benzo(a)pyrene , benzo(a)anthracene , benzo(k)flouranthene. The regional higher mean concentrations of PAHs in station 10 was (5.906 ng/g) and the lowest in station 1 (1.125 ng/g). The results of seasonal PAHs concentration in this study showed that the lowest concentrations recorded during summer (1.214 ng/g), while the highest concentrations recorded during winter (4.177ng/g). From the LMW/HMW, phenanthrene/anthracene and benzo(a)anthracene/benzo(a)anthracene+ chrysene ratios, the PAHs compound was drived from pyrogenic sources, while Flouranthene/Pyrene Ratio and InP/(InP+BghiP) Ratio was pyrogenic+ petrogenic origin and petrogenic or pyrogenic and Ant/(Ant+ Phen) Ratio was pyrolytic. Concentrations in studied stations gradually increased from station 1 to station 5, and then significantly decreased at station 6 and finally increased to station 10. The fluctuation in concentrations of compound at stations is due to distance from the flame of the flare which near to the stations 8,9,10 and far to the stations 1,2,3,4,5,6,7, while the seasonal concentration arrange as following: winter >spring >autumn>summer. There were non-significant correlation between the PAHs in soil and each of the soil texture compounds (sand, silt and clay), while there is significant correlation between the PAHs in soil and TOC%.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it