Developmental effects of the industrial cooling water additives morpholine and sodium hypochlorite on lake whitefish (<i>Coregonus clupeaformis</i>)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chemicals used in the prevention of corrosion and biofouling may be released into the environment via industrial cooling water discharges. The authors assessed the impacts of 2 commonly used chemicals, morpholine and sodium hypochlorite, on development in lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis). Embryos were exposed chronically, beginning at fertilization or at the eyed stage. Acute 96-h exposures were also examined at 4 development stages. Chronic morpholine resulted in median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of 219 ± 54 mg/L when exposure began at fertilization and 674 ± 12 mg/L when exposure began at the eyed stage, suggesting that embryos are more sensitive earlier in development. Chronic morpholine exposure advanced hatching by up to 30%, and the early hatching embryos were up to 10% smaller in body length. A decrease in yolk conversion efficiency was also observed in embryos exposed to chronic morpholine concentrations of 1000 mg/L. The majority of effects from morpholine exposure manifested near hatch, possibly reflecting changes in chorion permeability at the end of embryonic development. Sodium hypochlorite only impacted survival with chronic exposure from fertilization, where the total residual chlorine LC50 was 0.52 ± 0.11 mg/L. Acute exposures to both chemicals had minimal effects up to the highest tested concentrations. Overall, the results suggest that the risk during development from exposure to morpholine and sodium hypochlorite is low under normal operating conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1955-1965. © 2016 SETAC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".