Relationship of Thyroid and Sex Hormones With Osteoarthritis in Postmenopausal Indian Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most frequent joint disease encountered in the clinical practice and is the most common cause of movement disability in the elderly. Females are found to have more severe OA, and prevalence and incidence increase after menopause. OA affects all articular tissues and finally leads to joint failure. Many experimental and clinical studies suggest that loss of hormone especially estrogen at the time of menopause increases a woman’s risk of getting OA and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) did seem to be associated with not only relieving of symptoms but also reduced rate of progression of OA. The aim of this case-control study was to investigate whether the thyroid and sex hormones are associated with OA in postmenopausal Indian women. Methods: One hundred twenty-five patients suffering from OA and 82 control subjects, all aged 45 - 65 years, were included in this study. Thyroid and sex hormones were measured in the serum by ELISA and chemiluminescent immunoassay technique. Results: Mean serum estrogen levels in the OA and control samples were 29.53 ± 3.27 and 49.21 ± 2.18 (P < 0.0001) which were significantly lower in OA patients compared with controls. Also these patients show significant change in thyroid hormones and progesterone hormone levels when compared with control subjects. Conclusion: The findings suggest that estrogen deficiency after menopause may contribute to developing OA in postmenopausal women. Estrogen can render help in such patients but with the current level of evidence, it cannot be recommended as a first-line treatment. J Clin Gynecol Obstet. 2016;5(4):117-120 doi: https://doi.org/10.14740/jcgo410e
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".