The Welfare State, Globalization and Internal Sociopolitical Dynamics: The Case of North America
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cet article analyse la transformation du système de protection sociale dans les trois pays de l’Amérique du Nord sous la mondialisation et l’ALÉNA (Accord de libre-échange nord-américain). Contrairement à ce qui a été prévu, il n’y a pas eu de processus unique d’homogénéisation de l’économique et des configurations de sécurité sociale des trois pays sur le modèle de ce qui existe aux États-Unis. Bien que l’on puisse noter quelques éléments d’homogénéisation, de nombreuses différences persistent. L’explication repose essentiellement sur le fait que la mondialisation n’est pas une force impersonnelle qui s’impose aux pays, mais un arrangement socio-économique que des acteurs réels, externes comme internes, essaient de faire respecter. La plupart des études expliquent les causes internes du statu quo des systèmes de protection sociale par leur dépendance aux voies institutionnelles. Cet article se concentre non seulement sur des institutions, mais aussi sur les façons dont les acteurs engagent des changements ou leur résistent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".