Contactless asphaltene solid particle deposition monitoring using active microwave resonators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, asphaltene precipitation and deposition are monitored in real-time and contactless fashion using ultra-high resolution active planar microwave sensor. In the core of the sensor, a half-wavelength resonator is designed at 1.53 GHz whose quality factor is enhanced from 270 (passive mode) by 40 times (in active mode) for high-resolution readout. High quality factor of the sensor and its sensitivity to ambient permittivity variation, enables high resolution readout and thus real time monitoring of asphaltene solid particle deposition. Model oil samples are mixed with n-heptane resulting in the precipitation of asphaltene aggregated particulates. We monitored the precipitation and deposition for 6 minutes over two concentrations of 0.1875% and 0.625% asphaltene samples (diluted in toluene) with the sensor, and observed resonant-frequency shifts of 50 and 80 kHz, respectively. This new contactless approach is shown to be highly sensitive and repeatable.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".