Improved estimate of the effective diameter for use in the Kozeny–Carman equation for permeability prediction
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Kozeny–Carman equation is widely used to predict the hydraulic conductivity or intrinsic permeability of granular porous media. This paper combines discrete-element modelling and finite-volume flow simulation to examine the Kozeny–Carman equation for permeability prediction of spherical grains with different grain size distributions. A comparison of the modelled permeability with the permeability predicted by the Kozeny–Carman equation shows that the existing equation predicts up to 20% smaller permeability for particle assemblies with non-uniform sizes, especially for gap-graded size distributions. An improved equation is proposed to calculate the effective diameter for use in the empirical Kozeny–Carman equation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it