An Overview of the Progress towards Achieving Global Polio Eradication
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Poliomyelitis is an infectious disease that causes irreversible paralysis in less than 1% of infected individuals. 1 Since 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative was able to achieve significant progress towards the interruption of polio transmission. 2 However, the latest plan under Global Polio Eradication Initiative, known as the Polio Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan, is still facing unprecedented challenges with the remaining cases in polio endemic countries. Such challenges are prominently faced in areas with regional instability and mass population displacements, resulting in polio outbreaks and re-importation due to low immunization coverage, and inadequate surveillance. 3,4 Methods: A comprehensive literature review was completed through different databases that included Global Health, Embase, Medline, Science Direct and Google Scholar for the following key terms: ‘polio*’, ‘vaccin*’, ‘Afghanistan’, ’Pakistan’, ‘import*’, ‘refusal’, ‘outbreak’, ‘eradication’, ‘endgame ‘, ‘conflict’, ’risk’, ‘surveillance’, ‘spread’, and ‘challenge*’. A review search of published reports and archives from GPEI, CDC, WHO, UNICEF, End Polio Pakistan was also conducted and included as part of the assessment of recent progress with polio eradication. Discussion: There are remaining gaps towards achieving polio eradication, especially in endemic regions. A series of recommendations are proposed to overcome ongoing barriers involving the political, social, biological and financial aspects of polio campaigns. To overcome the setbacks that led to delaying previously set goals by GPEI, a more vigorous response, with an alteration from the current approach will be required to overcome ongoing challenges. The response involves an improved and expanded surveillance system through better monitoring, management, and timeliness. 5,6 In addition, better interventions are needed to address vaccine coverage, efficacy, safety, management, and supply, especially in regions with high risk of polio transmission and refusal rates in remaining endemic countries. 7,8 Conclusion: Through applying suggested recommendations, the current approach towards polio campaigns can be modified to achieve and sustain polio eradication . The rooms of improvement can assist in refining immunization coverage, enhancing vaccine administration and effectiveness, avoiding delays in outbreak response, and providing reliable feedback on the progress of GPEI. These extensive efforts will not only improve the progress towards achieving polio eradication, but would also serve as a tool to limit the burden of other communicable diseases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.012 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".