Bibliographic record
Abstract
EnglishThe Constitution of Canada provides for two levels of government, federal and provincial, and attributes taxation powers to both levels. The power of the provinces are primarily direct taxation powers for provincial purposes. The municipal sector falls within the jurisdiction of the provinces and, constitutionally, is not a third level of government. It only has the taxation powers delegated to it by each province (property taxes essentially, in the province of Quebec), and it relies on financial transfers from the province in order to operate efficiently. francaisLa Constitution du Canada prevoit deux ordres de gouvernement, federal et provincial, auxquels elle attribue des pouvoirs de taxation. Ceux des provinces sont principalement des pouvopirs de taxation directe pour des objets provinciaux. Le secteur municipal releve des provinces et, constitutionnellement, n'est pas un troisieme ordre de gouvernement. Il n'a que les pouvoirs de taxation que chaque province lui delegue (au Quebec, taxes foncieres essentiellement)et compte sur des transferts financiers provinciaux pour fonctionner.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".