Chlorine Stable Isotope and Helium Isotope Studies Contributing to the Understanding of the Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Old Groundwater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chlorine stable isotope and helium isotope data were integrated in order to study the chemical and isotopic characteristics of old groundwater in the Pannonian Basin. Former studies showed groundwater is of meteoric origin, based on oxygen and deuterium isotopes, which have isotopic signatures of formation waters from the deeper part of the basin. Depletion of the heavier 37Cl isotope can be observed along the flow paths. Despite the fact that most of the sampled groundwater contains high helium levels, indicating a crustal helium origin, their 3He content is also high. The 3He/4He ratios (expressed in R/Rac) with values between 0.4 and 1.2 shows that helium of mantle origin must also be a component in the groundwater along the flow paths. The presence of mantle origin helium could be detected not just in the deeper part of the basin, but even in the Quaternary sediments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".