Chlorine Stable Isotope and Helium Isotope Studies Contributing to the Understanding of the Hydrogeochemical Characteristics of Old Groundwater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Chlorine stable isotope and helium isotope data were integrated in order to study the chemical and isotopic characteristics of old groundwater in the Pannonian Basin. Former studies showed groundwater is of meteoric origin, based on oxygen and deuterium isotopes, which have isotopic signatures of formation waters from the deeper part of the basin. Depletion of the heavier 37 Cl isotope can be observed along the flow paths. Despite the fact that most of the sampled groundwater contains high helium levels, indicating a crustal helium origin, their 3 He content is also high. The 3 He/ 4 He ratios (expressed in R/R ac ) with values between 0.4 and 1.2 shows that helium of mantle origin must also be a component in the groundwater along the flow paths. The presence of mantle origin helium could be detected not just in the deeper part of the basin, but even in the Quaternary sediments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".