Full-Scale Cyclic Testing of Deep Slender Wide-Flange Steel Beam-Columns under Unidirectional and Bidirectional Lateral Drift Demands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deep and slender wide-flange steel beam-columns are commonly used in steel special moment frames (SMFs) in North America. These sections provide large moment-of-inertia required to satisfy the design code’s drift limits while keeping the column steel weight at minimum. Due to their low out-of-plane moment-of-inertia and high web and flange slenderness ratios, such sections are vulnerable to local and global geometric instabilities when subjected to lateral drift demands coupled with compressive axial load. Past experimental research on steel beam-columns has mainly focused on small and stocky wideflange sections. To this end, an extensive testing program was conducted at École Polytechnique de Montreal that investigated the cyclic behavior of 10 full-scale deep beam-columns. The column specimens were 600mm deep (i.e., W610 sections). The beam-columns were tested under unidirectional and bidirectional lateral loading protocols coupled with different levels of constant compressive axial load. The test setup involved a 6 degrees-of-freedom control system that was capable of realistically simulating the flexibility of the beam-to-column connection at the top of a first-story beam-column; hence the tests utilized a movable point of inflection during lateral loading as would occur in reality. This paper discusses the main findings from the experimental program and a corroborating finite element analytical study that investigated the hysteretic behavior of 40 different deep wide-flange beam-columns. In particular, the effects of the local and global slenderness ratio, lateral loading protocol, applied axial load ratios, and boundary conditions on the column’s hysteretic behavior were quantified. Furthermore, the effect of bidirectional lateral deformations coupled with compressive axial load on the overall dynamic stability of steel beam-columns is discussed. Finally, out-of-plane forces exerted at the top of the column due to twisting and global buckling about the column’s weak-axis are quantified. The quantification of out-of-plane forces is essential to properly design the lateral bracing of steel beam-columns.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".