Conversion of ground tire rubber to lead ions adsorbents by chemical modification
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Thermal‐chemical treatment of waste rubber tires as an adsorbent has attracted considerable attention in the last few years. However, the main drawback associated with such tire‐derived adsorbents is their pyrolysis process of preparation, which consumes more energy and does harm to the environment. In this work, modified ground tire rubber was prepared merely by chemical treatment and used for the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution. The surface chemical property of ground tire rubber was changed through the reaction with bromine, followed by a lysine reaction to develop the carboxylic and amino groups on the rubber. The modified ground tire rubber was characterized by FTIR, SEM, LDPSA, and X‐ray diffraction. Experimental parameters, such as pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on the removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution were investigated. Under optimal conditions, the modified ground tire rubber presents an excellent removal efficiency of 92 % with an adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g/L. Additionally, the adsorption kinetic behaviour of the process was discussed and the pseudo‐second‐order model was found to fit well to the experimental data.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".