An Embedded System for a High-Speed Manipulator With Single Time Scale Visual Servoing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study presents the development of an embedded system for controlling a high-speed robotic manipulator. Three different types of controllers including hardware proportional derivative (PD), software PD, and single time scale visual servoing are considered in this study. Novel field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology was used for implementing the embedded system for faster execution speeds and parallelism. It is comprised of dedicated hardware and software modules for obtaining sensor feedback and control signal (CT) estimation, providing the control signal to the servovalves. A NIOS II virtual soft processor system was configured in the FPGA for implementing functions that are computationally expensive and difficult to implement in hardware. Quadrature decoding, serial peripheral interface (SPI) input and output modules, and control signal estimation in some cases was carried out using the dedicated hardware modules. The experiments show that the proposed controller performed satisfactory control of the end effector position. It performed single time scale visual servoing with control signal updates at 330 Hz to control the end effector trajectory at speeds of up to 0.8 ms−1. The FPGA technology also provided a more compact single chip implementation of the controller.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".