Hybridisation and lack of prezygotic barriers between <i>Phymata pennsylvanica</i> and <i>americana</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
1. The persistence of both geographical and reproductive boundaries between related species poses a fundamental puzzle in biology. Reproductive interactions between species can have a substantial impact on the maintenance of a boundary, potentially contributing to its collapse (e.g. via hybridisation) or facilitating reproductive isolation (e.g. via reinforcement). 2. The degree to which two parapatric insect species in the genus Phymata are reproductively isolated was evaluated and several mechanisms that could contribute to the maintenance of species boundaries were assessed. 3. Behavioural assays showed no indication of species‐assortative mating, nor any fecundity costs associated with heterospecific mating. Thus, there was no evidence of prezygotic mechanisms of reproductive isolation between the two species. 4.In laboratory crosses, it was found that the two species were indeed capable of producing viable F1 hybrids. Morphologically, these hybrids were phenotypically intermediate to the two parental species, and similar to the phenotypes seen in natural populations thought to occur in a hybrid zone. F1 hybrids did not show reduced viability, although there was some suggestion of ‘hybrid breakdown’, evident from the lower viability observed for progeny of ‘natural hybrids’. 5. Collectively, we show that despite genetically based morphological differences between species, P. americana and pennsylvanica can, and probably do hybridise. More studies are needed to understand the mechanisms that maintain the distinct phenotypes and geographical ranges of these species, despite the considerable potential for introgression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".