Robust Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization in Biphasic Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The synthesis of conjugated polymers from direct (hetero)arylation polymerization (DHAP) has been achieved for the first time using biphasic water/toluene conditions. This protocol is robust enough to form polymers even when air is introduced in the system. General reactivity is demonstrated for a single set of polymerization conditions with thienyl- or phenyl-based substrates, whether they are electron-rich or electron-poor. Complete characterization from differential scanning calorimetry and 1 H NMR and UV–vis–NIR spectroscopies is presented, demonstrating this DHAP protocol offers comparable or better properties than the very best values published thus far. High molecular weights are obtained, showcasing the perfect equilibrium of reactivity and selectivity attained with this method. Moreover, this efficient and versatile methodology, which also uses low-cost, “wet” reagents, is scalable and done at ambient pressure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".