A Comparison of Damage in Glass and Ceramic Targets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter examines how ballistic impacts on ceramics generate different types of damage including varying levels of comminution, cone cracking, and radial cracking through experiments on fused silica glass targets. The chapter shows how measurements of the fracture cone angle on a plane perpendicular to the plane containing the shot-line vector were consistently smaller for the same velocity. The experiments were conducted on glass cylinders. The cylinders were transparent on the ends and had a ground finish on the cylinder sides. The fused silica cylinders were impacted using either steel or borosilicate glass spheres. The steel spheres generally did so much damage to the cylinders that it was difficult to recover the samples for further analysis. Cone cracks which form as a result of oblique impacts have concave down curvature on the leading edge and concave up curvature on the trailing edge. The steel sphere data was omitted because steel sphere impacts produced cone cracks with much smaller included angles, probably as a result of the larger mass and the fact that the steel spheres remained intact during the impact process.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".