Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bees are a diverse group of essential pollinators and useful for studying the impacts of urban environmental change on local biodiversity. A subset of solitary bee species widespread in cities the cavity-nesters nest in plant stems and bored holes in wood and readily use human-made nest boxes comprised of these materials or similar ones. Many solitary wasps that predate on abundant and pest arthropod species also use these nest boxes. Nest boxes provide information on diversity, parasitism, and a plethora of other data on cavity-nesting bees and wasps. The main objective was to detect patterns in cavity-nesting bee and wasp diversity using nest boxes and determine the urban factors that impact their populations. A primary goal was to connect urban gardening, land use planning, and policy more directly with bee populations. \n\tNest boxes were set up at 200 home gardens, community gardens, urban parks, and green roofs and each monitored by a member of a large network of citizen scientists. Nest boxes were set out in April and retrieved in October over three years (2011-2013). From October to March, bee, wasp, and parasite larvae were removed, then reared and identified to species. From over 27,000 records, 84 species of bees, wasps, and parasites were identified from three years including new records for the Toronto region. More native species were recorded than exotic ones, however the most abundant colonizers were exotic [Megachile rotundata Fabricius, Osmia caerulescens (Linnaeus)] and half of the colonizers were wasps. The type of urban green space surveyed and increasing habitat availability index (HAI), which included high resolution mapping of seven different land use types within 200m of the nest box, were important for increasing colonization. Diversity and abundance in nest boxes and in particularly that of bees was positively influenced by the luxury effect, while wasps and parasites responded negatively to increasing human population density. Nest boxes are useful tools for study of populations of cavity-nesting bees and wasps and can become catalysts for conversation regarding bee populations, diversity, and declines.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".