EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TWO-PHASE BUBBLY FLOW PRESSURE DROP ACROSS A HORIZONTAL PIPE CONTAINING 90° BENDS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two-phase gas–liquid pressure drop was experimentally investigated in a 9 m long, 50.8 mm internal diameter, horizontal test section containing 2 closely spaced 90° bends. Bubble and dispersed flow regimes were achieved at superficial liquid and gas velocities that were varied from 3.50 to 5.42 m/s, and 0.10 to 1.25 m/s, respectively. Single-phase and two-phase flow pressure drop tests were performed to evaluate major and minor loss coefficients. The Lockhart–Martinelli parameters were modified through the addition of a minor loss term, and results were compared with Chisholm’s turbulent-turbulent gas–liquid pressure drop model. Three different pipe configurations were evaluated. They consisted of a single straight pipe, a straight pipe with a single 90° bend, and straight pipe with two 90° bends. Both Blasius’ and Prandtl’s smooth pipe models were evaluated to predict the two-phase frictional losses, while single- and two-phase minor loss coefficients were tested with varying degrees of effectiveness. Ov...
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".