Clinical and Economic Features of Age‐Related Neurological Diseases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter considers Parkinson's, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Alzheimer's - the archetypical neurological diseases associated with middle and old age. Parkinson's disease's symptoms include stiffness of the extremities, clumsiness, slowness of movement, decreased arm swings when walking, decreased facial expression, and various dyskinesias, or movement disorders. As Parkinson's disease progresses, a characteristically stooped posture emerges, along with akinesia, ataxia, bradykinesia, and festination. In ALS, a type of motor neuron disease (MND), motor weakness and deficits are commonly first observed in the legs or arms, a sign indicating the loss of lower motor neurons. Pathologically, Alzheimer's disease features damage to the parts of the brain primarily involved in memory and learning, notably regions of the neocortex and hippocampus. Alzheimer's-like dementias can combine features of other neurological diseases, including some of the parkinsonisms (e.g., ALS-PDC of the various locations in the Western Pacific, PSP, G-PDC) and disorders such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".