Honeybee locomotion is impaired by Am-CaV3 low voltage-activated Ca2+ channel antagonist
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Voltage‐gated Ca 2+ channels are key transducers of cellular excitability and participate in several crucial physiological responses. In vertebrates, 10 Ca 2+ channel genes, grouped in 3 families ( Ca V 1, Ca V 2 and Ca V 3 ), have been described and characterized. Insects possess only one member of each family. These genes have been isolated in a limited number of species and very few have been characterized although, in addition to their crucial role, they may represent a collateral target for neurotoxic insecticides. We have isolated the 3 genes coding for the 3 Ca 2+ channels expressed in Apis mellifera . This work provides the first detailed characterization of the honeybee T-type Ca V 3 Ca 2+ channel and demonstrates the low toxicity of inhibiting this channel. Comparing Ca 2+ currents recorded in bee neurons and myocytes with Ca 2+ currents recorded in Xenopus oocytes expressing the honeybee Ca V 3 gene suggests native expression in bee muscle cells only. High‐voltage activated Ca 2+ channels could be recorded in the somata of different cultured bee neurons. These functional data were confirmed by in situ hybridization, immunolocalization and in vivo analysis of the effects of a Ca V 3 inhibitor. The biophysical and pharmacological characterization and the tissue distribution of Ca V 3 suggest a role in honeybee muscle function.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".