Schistosome infectivity in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata, is partially dependent on the expression of Grctm6, a Guadeloupe Resistance Complex protein.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases.Despite effective chemotherapeutic treatments, this disease continues to afflict hundreds of millions of people.Understanding the natural intermediate snail hosts of schistosome parasites is vital to the suppression of this disease.A recently identified genomic region in Caribbean Biomphalaria glabrata snails strongly influences their resistance to infection by Schistosoma mansoni.This region contains novel genes having structural similarity to known pathogen recognition proteins.Here we elaborate on the probable structure and role of one of these genes, grctm6.We characterised the expression of Grctm6 in a population of Caribbean snails, and performed a siRNA knockdown of Grctm6.We show that this protein is not only expressed in B. glabrata hemolymph, but that it also has a role in modulating the number of S. mansoni cercariae released by infected snails, making it a possible target for the biological control of schistosomiasis. Author summarySchistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in the world.Though treatments for schistosomiasis infection exist, there is no vaccine, and reinfection is common in areas where the parasite occurs.One possible way to mitigate schistosomiasis is by controlling the transmission of the parasite larvae from the snails that carry them.Understanding the snail-parasite relationship is essential for the development of new means to interrupt transmission of the parasite from snails to humans.Snails possess immune mechanisms for fighting infection, most of which are based in hemolymph tissue.Here we characterize a novel protein, Grctm6, in a snail host of schistosome parasites.Grctm6 is structurally similar to certain other immune proteins and is present in snail hemolymph.Importantly, we demonstrate that the release of schistosomes by infected snails is exacerbated when this protein is experimentally suppressed in live snails.These results
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".