Method of the Four-Electrode Electrochemical Cell for the Characterization of Concentrated Binary Electrolytes: Theory and Application
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A novel method based on a four-electrode cell to determine the transport properties of concentrated binary electrolytes is presented. The cell contains two potential sensors in addition to the working and counter electrodes. The sensors measure the closed-circuit as well as the open-circuit potential in response to an input galvanostatic pulse across the working and counter electrodes. An important advantage of this new method is that it requires only the application of a single pulse in addition to the appropriate concentration cell experiments. By fitting a suitable model to the data obtained from these experiments, the three independent transport properties of a concentrated binary electrolyte and thermodynamic factor can be determined. The proposed technique benefits considerably from the measurement of closed-circuit data for estimation of the transference number. A comprehensive 2D axisymmetric model based on concentrated-solution theory is developed to account for faradaic convection as well as the bipolar effect at the surface of the sensors. It is shown that the bipolar effect has negligible impact on the potential measurements under operating conditions relevant to these experiments. Consequently, a simpler 1D model can be used in place of the 2D model to estimate the transport properties without any loss in accuracy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".