Nanoscale Wire Bonding of Individual Ag Nanowires on Au Substrate at Room Temperature
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Gold (Au) wire has been used for decades in wire bonding, a technique to interconnect an integrated circuit chip with metal leads in the semiconductor industry [ 1 ]. The cost of Au wire has significantly increased in recent years [ 2 ]. This has prompted the study and use of alternatives such as silver (Ag) [ 3 , 4 ], copper (Cu) [ 5 – 7 ], and Ag/Au alloys [ 8 , 9 ]. Cu wire suffers from oxidation issues, as well as a high hardness and Young’s modulus. Thus, it is difficult to bond. Various intermetallic compounds have been prepared that would affect the efficiency of a device and thus reduce its lifetime [ 10 ]. Currently, cost concerns are leading to wire diameter decreases, which is made possible to increase the packing density using finer pitches. Controllable bonding or welding at a submicrometer scale or nanoscale is still a great challenge [ 11 ]. Many efforts have been made to push the size limitation down to the nanoscale [ 12 ], including nanoscale resistance spot welding [ 13 , 14 ], nanoscale soldering [ 15 , 16 ], and ultrasonic bonding [ 17 ]. Because of the small energy requirement [ 11 ] and reactivity of nanomaterials, some new bonding methods have been reported based on novel concepts, including the cold welding of Au and Ag nanowires (NWs) by oriented attachment [ 18 , 19 ], plasmonic welding of Ag NWs with plasmonic effects [ 20 , 21 ], nanowelding using a scanning probe microscope [ 22 ], and optically controlled nanosoldering [ 23 ].
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it