Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article reviews the main types of ultrasonic vocalizations emitted by both newborn and adult rats, as well as biological situations in which they appear. Newborn pups emit separation calls when they fell out of the nest. These vocalizations have variable acoustic parameters but their dominating feature is fluctuating frequency similar to the ambulance siren. This feature enables mother to localize the pup and bring it back to the nest. Adult rats produce two basic types of ultrasonic vocalizations: (1) alarm vocalizations (or 22 kHz calls) that are emitted in the proximity of a predator or other aversive, dangerous situations, as well as (2) affiliative vocalizations (or 50 kHz calls) associated with positive social intreactions. The 50 kHz calls have complex acoustic structure and may be further subdivided into several subtypes with suggested biological roles in social behavior. The most frequent subtypes are “flat” 50 kHz calls with constant frequency, step calls with rapid jumps of frequency, and trills.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".