Enhanced electroactive β phase in three phase PVDF/CaCO<sub>3</sub>/nanoclay composites: Effect of micro‐CaCO<sub>3</sub> and uniaxial stretching
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, electroactive polar phase transformation and crystallinity of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐based composites, such as PVDF/CaCO3/nanoclay, is explored as a function of micro‐CaCO3 fraction and draw ratio (R) of uniaxial stretching. Composites including PVDF/clay, PVDF/CaCO3 and most importantly PVDF/CaCO3/clay with varying fraction of micro‐CaCO3 were extruded into homogenous and flexible cast films. Characterization via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the presence of β phase in all the composites incorporated with micro‐CaCO3 and nanoclay either individually (i.e., PVDF/CaCO3 and PVDF/clay films, respectively) or together (i.e., PVDF/CaCO3/nanoclay composites). Interestingly, a gradual but significant improvement in this electroactive phase (β phase) was obtained with successive increment in CaCO3 content into a fixed composition of PVDF and nanoclay (PVDF/CaCO3/clay composites). Further increment in β phase content was obtained via uniaxial stretching to different draw ratios and at a temperature of 90 °C, where for PVDF/CaCO3/clay (especially, 100–35‐3 and 100–40‐3) samples almost no α phase was observed irrespective of R. Conversely, the crystallinity of melt extruded samples decreased gradually all the way with CaCO3 concentration in PVDF/CaCO3/clay composites compared to the neat PVDF while increased gradually with increasing draw ratio. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44940.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".