Enhanced electroactive β phase in three phase PVDF/CaCO<sub>3</sub>/nanoclay composites: Effect of micro‐CaCO<sub>3</sub> and uniaxial stretching
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, electroactive polar phase transformation and crystallinity of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐based composites, such as PVDF/CaCO 3 /nanoclay, is explored as a function of micro‐CaCO 3 fraction and draw ratio ( R ) of uniaxial stretching. Composites including PVDF/clay, PVDF/CaCO 3 and most importantly PVDF/CaCO 3 /clay with varying fraction of micro‐CaCO 3 were extruded into homogenous and flexible cast films. Characterization via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the presence of β phase in all the composites incorporated with micro‐CaCO 3 and nanoclay either individually (i.e., PVDF/CaCO 3 and PVDF/clay films, respectively) or together (i.e., PVDF/CaCO 3 /nanoclay composites). Interestingly, a gradual but significant improvement in this electroactive phase (β phase) was obtained with successive increment in CaCO 3 content into a fixed composition of PVDF and nanoclay (PVDF/CaCO 3 /clay composites). Further increment in β phase content was obtained via uniaxial stretching to different draw ratios and at a temperature of 90 °C, where for PVDF/CaCO 3 /clay (especially, 100–35‐3 and 100–40‐3) samples almost no α phase was observed irrespective of R . Conversely, the crystallinity of melt extruded samples decreased gradually all the way with CaCO 3 concentration in PVDF/CaCO 3 /clay composites compared to the neat PVDF while increased gradually with increasing draw ratio. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017 , 134 , 44940.
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Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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