Multi-Well, Multi-Phase Flowing Material Balance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Flowing material balance (FMB) analysis is a practical method for determining original hydrocarbon volumes in-place. It is attractive because it enables performing material balance calculations without having to shut-in wells to obtain estimates of reservoir pressure. However, with some exceptions, its application is limited to single-phase oil and/or gas reservoirs over limited pressure ranges during depletion. In unconventional reservoirs, reservoir and/or production complexities may further restrict FMB usage. Among these complexities are significant production/injection of water, production resulting in higher Gas-Oil-Ratios and pressure drawdowns, geomechanical effects, and multi-well production effects. As a result, application of the conventional FMB to unconventional reservoirs may lead to significant errors in hydrocarbons-in-place estimation. This paper first discusses the application of conventional FMB to the analysis of single or multi-phase flow in single or multi-well scenarios, and then provides a new, comprehensive version of the FMB to address the above-mentioned complications. For the new FMB, pseudo-pressure is used to account for two-phase oil and gas flow. In addition, by using a general material balance equation, water production/injection and multi-well effects are included in the analysis. The new FMB analysis approach is validated by comparing results against numerical simulation of multi-fractured horizontal wells (MFHWs). These comparisons demonstrate that, not only gas production, but also water production/injection, can have a significant effect on the calculated original in-place hydrocarbon volumes. The new FMB analysis approach provided herein successfully accounts for all flowing phases in the reservoir, and is demonstrated to be applicable for multi-well scenarios. The methodology presented in this paper maintains the simplicity of FMB, yet accounts for multi-phase flow and multi-well complications. The developed FMB and the presented approach can be used by reservoir engineers to reasonably determine the original volumes of hydrocarbons in-place in both conventional and unconventional reservoirs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".