Coupled Reservoir-Geomechanical Simulation of Caprock Failure and Fault Reactivation During CO2 Sequestration in Deep Saline Aquifers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract An aquifer suitable for underground carbon dioxide sequestration needs to be overlain by sealing caprock because carbon dioxide is less dense than the native brine and would tend to rise upward. This paper presents a thermal-hydrological-mechanical (THM) reservoir simulator that is applicable to assessing the sealing capability of such caprock. The geomechanical portion consists of an equation for mean stress, derived from linear elastic theory for a thermo-poro-elastic system, and equations for stress tensor components that depend on mean stress and other variables. The fluid and heat flow portion of our simulator is for general multiphase, multicomponent, multi-porosity systems. We add the capability of simulating caprock failure scenarios, namely tensile failure, fracture and fault reactivation, and shear failure, to the formulation. We then show simulation examples for code verification and demonstration of its capabilities, including a simulation of caprock leakage from carbon dioxide injection, a demonstration of the simulator's ability to predict of shear failure, and a simulation an experiment of pressure-induced fracturing of a concrete block that includes tensile failure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".