Epidural Volume Extension During Combined Spinal-Epidural Labor Analgesia Does Not Increase Sensory Block
Bibliographic record
Abstract
(Anesth Analg. 2016;123:684–689) Combined spinal-epidural (CSE) provides faster and better first-stage analgesia and fewer epidural top-up boluses than traditional epidural methods. Deliberate injection into the epidural space can increase anesthetic level. This mechanism, referred to as epidural volume extension (EVE), is not fully understood; the fluid in the epidural space may be compressing the dural sac. The current authors thus tested 2 hypotheses. First, an epidural injection of 10 mL normal saline while initiating CSE would increase the initial anesthetic sensory block height by 15 minutes. Second, compared with CSE alone, CSE with EVE would result in a higher sensory block at 30 minutes while decreasing pain scores, analgesia onset time, and motor block.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".