Solubility of Lignin and Acetylated Lignin in Organic Solvents
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The solubility of four lignin samples and their acetylated forms was determined in a series of organic solvents to investigate the relationship between solubility and the solubility parameter. The solubility parameter of lignin samples and acetylated lignin was calculated based on the number of atoms or groups on lignin units. Lignin samples were obtained by isolating lignin from lignocellulosic bioethanol residues (Lignin 1 [L1]), isolating lignin from kraft hardwood black liquor (Lignin 2 [L2]), commercial kraft softwood lignin (Lignin 3 [L3]), and commercial soda non-wood lignin (Lignin 4 [4]). The solubility of lignin in organic solvents was not predictable due to poor correlation between the solubility of lignin and its solubility parameter. However, the solubility of lignin in an organic solvent depended on the molecular weight and the aliphatic hydroxyl number of the lignin. L2, with a lower molecular weight than other lignin samples, had the highest solubility in organic solvents, and L3, with highest aliphatic hydroxyl number, had the lowest solubility in organic solvents. All acetylated lignins were soluble in most of the organic solvents. Furthermore, the molecular weights of the soluble parts of all four lignins in ethyl acetate were found to be lower than the original lignins.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it