Photometric and radial-velocity time series of RR Lyrae stars in M3: analysis of single-mode variables
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present the first simultaneous photometric and spectroscopic investigation of a large set of RR Lyrae variables in a globular cluster. The radial-velocity data presented comprise the largest sample of RVs of RR Lyrae stars ever obtained. The target is M3; BVI_C time-series of 111 and b flux data of further 64 RRab stars, and RV data of 79 RR Lyrae stars are published. Blazhko modulation of the light curves of 47 percent of the RRab stars are detected. The mean value of the center-of-mass velocities of RR Lyrae stars is −146.8 km/s with 4.52 km/s standard deviation, which is in vgood agreement with the results obtained for the red giants of the cluster. The Φ21 RV \nphase difference of the RV curves of RRab stars is found to be uniformly constant both for the M3 and for Galactic field RRab stars; no period or metallicity dependence of the Φ21 RV is detected. The Baade-Wesselink distances of 26 non-Blazhko variables with the best phase-coverage radial-velocity curves are determined; the corresponding distance of the cluster, 10480±210 pc, agrees with the previous literature information. A quadratic formula for the Apuls−AV relation of RRab stars is given, which is valid for both OoI and OoII variables. We also show that the (V − I)0 of RRab stars measured at light minimum is period dependent, there is at least 0.1 mag difference between the colours at minimum light of the shortest- and longest-period variables.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".