GMR based pain intensity recognition using imbalanced data handling techniques
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The presence of imbalanced data distribution is evident in most real-life datasets. The problem of learning from imbalanced data is a challenging task due to presence of underrepresented data and severe class distribution skews. In this paper we recognizes 15 different levels of shoulder pain intensities based on facial expressions using UNBC-McMaster Shoulder Pain Expression Archive database which has highly imbalanced data distribution among its classes. A 22 dimensional geometric features are extracted from detected facial landmarks. The feature set is balanced using Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and also using Adaptive Synthetic Sampling (ADASYN). A recognition technique is developed using Gaussian Mixture Regression (GMR) to recognize the fifteen different intensity levels. Comprehensive experiments with various settings show that the proposed pain intensity recognition system using SMOTE and GMR yields stable and promising recognition results.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it