Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article discussed how the nation has experienced an increase in unconventional petroleum product transportation over the last five years. One of these products, known as diluted bitumen or dilbit, is created by blending the dense and viscous bitumen found in Canadian oil sands with lighter hydrocarbon products known as diluents. The bitumen’s density and viscosity is reduced, which allowed it to flow in transport, and this has added complexity to potential spills, compared to more conventional crude oils. Because there has only been two major dilbit spills in North American waters, both attributed to pipelines. information is limited. One of these spills occurred in the brackish water of Burrard Inlet, Burnaby, British Columbia, and resulted in a discharge of about 59,000 gallons. The other occurred near Marshall, Michigan, where more than 840,000 gallons was spilled into a creek that led to the Kalamazoo River. Compared to conventional crude oil, diluted bitumen has increased airborne hazards, and an increased probability of sinking.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".