Methanol enhanced catalytic viscosity-reduction of heavy oil by transition metal-Mannich base complex under low temperature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of transition metal-Mannich base complex was synthesized and screened for catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil and the results showed that the Ni(II)-Mannich base complex is the most effective one. The structure of catalyst was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometer (UV), and the group compositions C/H/N elemental analysis (EL), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the heavy oil were also conducted. The viscosity of the heavy oil can be decreased by 82.6% using 1.0 wt % catalyst with 15 wt % methanol in a reaction under 180°С for 24 h, and the composition analysis shows that 9.0% asphaltene is converted to resin and saturated HC. The group composition and the element content of the heavy oil before and after the aquathermolysis reaction were tested and analyzed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".