Nontraditional infectious diseases surveillance systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter describes nontraditional infectious diseases surveillance systems, which complement the formal public health system. One such nontraditional system, ProMED-mail, is a rapid reporting system of emerging infectious diseases in humans, animals, and plants. ProMED-mail focuses on rapid reporting and relies on local sources like newspapers and their websites and local rapporteurs submitting reports of unusual events. GeoSentinel data have been used to determine the seasonality of dengue by region of travel and risk of acquiring schistosomiasis by destination, and to identify unusual outbreaks such as sarcocystosis on Tioman Island, Malaysia. Numerous other programs have begun to use informal-source surveillance, including automated systems like HealthMap and Canada's Global Public Health Information Network (GPHIN), Medisys and others as well as more human-driven systems such as FluTrackers. Recent work has demonstrated that the time from the beginning of an outbreak until its detection and public reporting has been reduced as informal-source surveillance has blossomed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.031 | 0.016 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".