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Multiwavelength follow-up of a rare IceCube neutrino multiplet
M. G. Aartsen, M. Ackermann, J. Adams, J. A. Aguilar, M. Ahlers, M. Ahrens, I. Al Samarai, D. Altmann, K. Andeen, T. Anderson, I. Ansseau, G. Anton, M. Archinger, C. Argüelles, J. Auffenberg, Spencer Axani, X. Bai, S. W. Barwick, V. Baum, R. Bay, J. J. Beatty, J. Becker Tjus, K. H. Becker, S. BenZvi, D. Berley, E. Bernardini, A. Bernhard, D. Besson, G. Binder, D. Bindig, E. Blaufuss, Summer Blot, C. Böhm, M. Börner, F. Bos, D. Bose, S. Böser, O. Botner, J. Braun, L. Brayeur, H.-P. Bretz, S. Bron, A. Burgman, T. Carver, M. Casier, E. Cheung, D. Chirkin, A. Christov, K. Clark, Lew Classen, S. Coenders, G. H. Collin, J. M. Conrad, D. F. Cowen, R. Cross, M. Day, J. P. A. M. de André, C. De Clercq, E. del Pino Rosendo, H.-P. Dembinski, S. De Ridder, P. Desiati, K. D. de Vries, G. de Wasseige, M. de With, T. DeYoung, V. di Lorenzo, Hrvoje Dujmović, J. P. Dumm, M. Dunkman, B. Eberhardt, Thomas Ehrhardt, B. Eichmann, P. Eller, S. Euler, P. A. Evenson, S. Fahey, A. R. Fazely, J. Feintzeig, J. Felde, K. Filimonov, C. Finley, S. Flis, C.-C. Fösig, A. Franckowiak, Edward Friedman, T. Fuchs, T. K. Gaisser, J. S. Gallagher, L. Gerhardt, K. Ghorbani, W. Giang, L. Gladstone, Theo Glauch, T. Glüsenkamp, A. Goldschmidt, J. G. González, D. Grant, Z. Griffith, Christian Haack, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, E. Hansen, T. Hansmann, K. Hanson, D. Hebecker, D. Heereman, K. Helbing, R. Hellauer, S. Hickford, J. Hignight, G. C. Hill, K. D. Hoffman, R. Hoffmann, K. Hoshina, F. Huang, M. E. Huber, K. Hultqvist, S. In, A. Ishihara, E. Jacobi, G. S. Japaridze, Minjin Jeong, K. Jero, B. J. P. Jones, Woosik Kang, A. Kappes, T. Karg, A. Karle, U. Katz, M. Kauer, A. Keivani, J. L. Kelley, Ali Kheirandish, J. Kim, M. Kim, T. Kintscher, J. Kiryluk, T. Kittler, G. Kohnen, Ramesh Koirala, H. Kolanoski, R. Konietz, L. Köpke, Claudio Kopper, S. Kopper, D. J. Koskinen, M. Kowalski, K. Krings, M. Kroll, G. Krückl, C. Krüger, J. Kunnen, S. Kunwar, N. Kurahashi, T. Kuwabara, A. Kyriacou, M. Labare, J. L. Lanfranchi, M. J. Larson, Frederik Hermann Lauber, M. Lesiak-Bzdak, M. Leuermann, L. Lu, J. Lünemann, J. Madsen, G. Maggi, K. B. M. Mahn, Sarah Mancina, M. Mandelartz, R. Maruyama, K. Mase, R. Maunu, Frank McNally, K. Meagher, M. Medici, Maximilian Meier, T. Menne, G. Merino, T. Meures, S. Miarecki, Jessie Micallef, G. Momenté, T. Montaruli, Marjon Moulai, R. Nahnhauer, Uwe Naumann, G. Neer, Hans Niederhausen, Sarah Nowicki, D. R. Nygren, A. Obertacke Pollmann, A. Olivas, A. O’Murchadha, T. Palczewski, Hershal Pandya, D. V. Pankova, P. Peiffer, Ö. Penek, Joshua Pepper, C. Pérez de los Heros, D. Pieloth, E. Pinat, P. B. Price, G. T. Przybylski, M. Quinnan, Christoph Raab, L. Rädel, M. Rameez, K. Rawlins, R. Reimann, B. Relethford, M. Relich, E. Resconi, W. Rhode, M. Richman, Benedikt Riedel, S. Robertson, Martin Rongen, C. Rott, T. Ruhe, D. Ryckbosch, D. Rysewyk, L. Sabbatini, S. E. Sanchez Herrera, Alexander Sandrock, J. Sandroos, S. Sarkar, K. Satalecka, P. Schlunder, T. Schmidt, S. Schoenen, S. Schöneberg, L. Schumacher, D. Seckel, S. Seunarine, Dennis Soldin, M. Song, G. M. Spiczak, Christian Spiering, Juliana Stachurska, Todor Stanev, A. Stasik, J. Stettner, A. Steuer, T. Stezelberger, R. G. Stokstad, A. Stößl, L. R. Strom, N. L. Strotjohann, G. W. Sullivan, M. Sutherland, H. Taavola, I. Taboada, J. Tatar, F. Tenholt, S. Ter–Antonyan, A. Terliuk, G. Tešić, S. Tilav, P. A. Toale, M. N. Tobin, S. Toscano, D. Tosi, M. Tselengidou, C. F. Tung, A. Turcati, E. Unger, M. Usner, J. Vandenbroucke, N. van Eijndhoven, S. Vanheule, M. van Rossem, J. V. Santen, M. Vehring, M. Vöge, E. Vogel, M. Vraeghe, C. Walck, A. Wallace, M. Wallraff, N. Wandkowsky, A. Waza, Ch. Weaver, Matthew J. Weiss, C. Wendt, S. Westerhoff, B. J. Whelan, S. Wickmann, K. Wiebe, C. H. Wiebusch, L. Wille, D. R. Williams, L. Wills, M. Wolf, T. R. Wood, E. Woolsey, K. Woschnagg, D. L. Xu, Xiaolin Xu, Y. Xu, G. Yodh, S. Yoshida, M. Zoll, K. Z. Stanek, B. J. Shappee, C. S. Kochanek, T. W. S. Holoien, J. L. Prieto, D. B. Fox, James DeLaunay, Colin Turley, S. D. Barthelmy, A. Y. Lien, P. Mészáros, Kohta Murase, D. Kocevski, R. Buehler, M. Giomi, J. L. Racusin, A. Albert, R. Alfaro, C. Álvarez, J. D. Álvarez, R. Arceo, J. C. Arteaga‐Velázquez, H. A. Ayala Solares, A. S. Barber, N. Baustista-Elivar, A. Becerril, E. Belmont‐Moreno, A. Bernal, C. Brisbois, K. S. Caballero‐Mora, T. Capistrán, A. Carramiñana, S. Casanova, M. Castillo, U. Cotti, S. Coutinõ de León, E. De la Fuente, C. de León, R. Díaz Hernández, J. C. Díaz–Vélez, B. L. Dingus, M. A. DuVernois, R. W. Ellsworth, K. Engel, D. W. Fiorino, N. Fraija, J. A. García-González, M. Gerhardt, Alfonso Muñoz, M. M. González, J. A. Goodman, Z. Hampel-Arias, J. P. Harding, S. Hernández, C. M. Hui, P. Hüntemeyer, A. Iriarte, A. Jardin-Blicq, Vikas Joshi, S. Kaufmann, A. Lara, R. Lauer, William H. Lee, D. Lennarz, H. León Vargas, J. Linnemann, G. Luis-Raya, R. Luna-García, R. López-Coto, K. Malone, S. S. Marinelli, O. Martı́nez, I. 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Fortson, A. Furniss, S. Griffin, J. Grube, Moritz Hütten, O. Hervet, J. Holder, G. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, C. A. Johnson, Philip Kaaret, P. Kar, N. Kelley-Hoskins, M. Kertzman, Maria Krause, S. Kumar, M. J. Lang, T. T. Y. Lin, S. McArthur, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, D. Nieto, R. A. Ong, A. N. Otte, M. Pohl, A. Popkow, E. Pueschel, J. Quinn, K. Ragan, P. T. Reynolds, G. T. Richards, E. Roache, C. B. Rulten, I. Sadeh, M. Santander, G. H. Sembroski, D. Staszak, Samuel Trépanier, J. Tyler, S. P. Wakely, A. J. Weinstein, P. Wilcox, A. Wilhelm, D. A. Williams, B. Zitzer, Eric C. Bellm, Z. Cano, A. Gal‐Yam, Д. А. Канн, E. O. Ofek, M. Rigault, Maayane T. Soumagnac
Bibliographic record
VenueAstronomy and Astrophysics · 2017
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldPhysics and Astronomy
TopicAstrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
Canadian institutionsMcGill UniversityUniversity of AlbertaUniversity of Toronto
FundersLos Alamos National LaboratoryOffice of Polar ProgramsInstitut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des ParticulesJapan Society for the Promotion of ScienceOffice of ScienceHelmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle PhysicsIstituto Nazionale di Fisica NucleareRussian Science FoundationJapan Aerospace Exploration AgencyBenemérita Universidad Autónoma de PueblaNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of CanadaIstituto Nazionale di AstrofisicaCentre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueKnut och Alice Wallenbergs StiftelseAgenzia Spaziale ItalianaCoordinación de la Investigación CientíficaCenter for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Ohio State UniversityVillum FondenNational Research Foundation of KoreaConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y TecnologíaMarsden FundBundesministerium für Bildung und ForschungFonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRSRussian Foundation for Basic ResearchNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationDanmarks GrundforskningsfondPolarforskningssekretariatetMinistry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and TechnologyLaboratory Directed Research and DevelopmentNational Science FoundationBelgian Federal Science Policy OfficeDirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftOhio State UniversityNational Research FoundationWestern Canada Research GridVlaamse regeringUniversity of OxfordSchweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen ForschungUniversity of LeicesterCompute CanadaFonds Wetenschappelijk OnderzoekVetenskapsrådetU.S. Department of EnergySmithsonian Institution
KeywordsPhysicsMultipletNeutrinoAstrophysicsAstronomyAstroparticle physicsParticle physicsSpectral line
Abstract
On February 17, 2016, the IceCube real-time neutrino search identified, for the first time, three muon neutrino candidates arriving within 100 s of one another, consistent with coming from the same point in the sky. Such a triplet is expected once every 13.7 years as a random coincidence of background events. However, considering the lifetime of the follow-up program the probability of detecting at least one triplet from atmospheric background is 32%. Follow-up observatories were notified in order to search for an electromagnetic counterpart. Observations were obtained by Swift’s X-ray telescope, by ASAS-SN, LCO and MASTER at optical wavelengths, and by VERITAS in the very-high-energy gamma-ray regime. Moreover, the Swift BAT serendipitously observed the location 100 s after the first neutrino was detected, and data from the Fermi LAT and HAWC observatory were analyzed. We present details of the neutrino triplet and the follow-up observations. No likely electromagnetic counterpart was detected, and we discuss the implications of these constraints on candidate neutrino sources such as gamma-ray bursts, core-collapse supernovae and active galactic nucleus flares. This study illustrates the potential of and challenges for future follow-up campaigns.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.912
Threshold uncertainty score1.000
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
Opus teacher head0.011
GPT teacher head0.220
Teacher spread0.209 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation status
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
Study designOther design
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".
Quick stats
Citations49
Published2017
Admission routes2
Has abstractyes