Enhancing cross‐polarisation discrimination or axial ratio beamwidth of diagonally dual or circularly polarised base station antennas by using vertical parasitic elements
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cross‐polarisation discrimination (XPD) of a ± 45° dual‐polarised base station antenna is enhanced by adding vertical parasitic elements. First, it is established that high XPD can be achieved by employing four vertical parasitic elements between a simple ± 45° dual‐polarised radiator and ground. Second, based on the proposed method, a simple ± 45° dual‐polarised antenna for a long‐term evolution 1.71–2.17GHz base station is designed, fabricated and measured. Compared with the antenna without vertical elements, XPDs are improved by about 7dB in the horizontal plane due to the addition of the vertical parasitic elements. Third, with a wideband quadrature hybrid, the proposed antenna is shown to radiate circularly polarised waves. In particular, the 3 dB axial ratio beamwidth of the proposed antenna is increased from 84 ° to 195 ° with the addition of the four vertical parasitic elements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".