Heat stress decreases expression of the cytokines, avian β-defensins 4 and 6 and Toll-like receptor 2 in broiler chickens infected with Salmonella Enteritidis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
cfu/mL). Heat stress 31±1°C was applied from 35 to 41 days of age. Broiler chickens were divided into the following groups of 12 chickens: control (C); heat stress (HS31°C); S. Enteritidis positive control (PC); and S. Enteritidis+heat stress (PHS31°C). We observed that heat stress increased corticosterone serum levels. Concomitantly heat stress decreased (1) the IgA and IFN-γ plasmatic levels; (2) the mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-12 in spleen and IL-1β, IL-10, TGF-β in cecal tonsils; (3) the mRNA expression of AvBD4 and AvBD6 in cecal tonsils; and (4) the mRNA expression of TLR2 in spleen and cecal tonsils of chickens infected with S. Enteritidis (PHS31°C group). Heat stress also increased Salmonella colonization in the crop and caecum as well as Salmonella invasion to the spleen, liver and bone marrow, showing a deficiency in the control of S. Enteritidis induced infection. Together, the present data suggested that heat stress activated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as observed by the increase in the corticosterone levels, which in turn presumably decreases the immune system activity, leading to an impairment of the intestinal mucosal barrier and increasing chicken susceptibility to the invasion of different organs by S. Enteritidis .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".