Broadband superoscillation brings a wave into perfect three-dimensional focus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The fundamental properties of a wave precludes it from being localized to subwavelength distances in all dimensions of the wave's existence. The inability to focus electromagnetic waves to an all-direction subwavelength spot limits the 3D resolution of a conventional imaging system to about half the imaging wavelength. A plethora of super-resolution imaging systems have been designed which obtain super-resolution in one or two (but not all) dimensions, but they suffer various restrictions in working distance and the classes of objects they can image. In this paper, we report a first investigation into a wave that is focused to subwavelength dimensions in all directions. After reviewing the physics of wave dispersion and diffraction which seemingly preclude this phenomenon, we sidestep these preclusions using a broadband superoscillation waveform and synthesize an all-direction subwavelength focus. We report the salient spatial and temporal features of this wave, and apply it to achieve 3D super-resolution imaging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".