Integrating Environmental Impact Assessments into International Investment Agreements: Global Administrative Law and Transnational Cooperation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a legal device used by many States to protect the environment. Such assessments can bring foreign investors into conflict with host State regulators and civil society. When this occurs, an investor may seek to protect its investment against the consequences of EIA by pursuing remedies under an international investment agreement (IIA). The purpose of this article is to examine the role of IIAs in maintaining and supporting the integrity of the EIA process of the host State. It focuses on ways to integrate EIA into IIAs in order to strengthen the State’s ability to protect the environment. The article examines recent case law to identify ways in which EIA can give rise to investor-State claims under IIAs. It also discusses two theoretical models that are useful for designing reforms: the global administrative law paradigm and the cooperative transnational approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".