Intestinal Metaplasia of the Esophagus in Children With Esophageal Atresia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Patients with esophageal atresia/tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) can develop Barrett esophagus as a long-term consequence of their condition. Intestinal metaplasia (IM), a risk factor for developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, has not been well characterized in the pediatric population. METHODS: Retrospective review of patients with EA-TEF followed at 3 academic pediatric centers between the years 1997 and 2014. RESULTS: Among 542 children and adolescents, 1.3% (7 patients, 5 girls) were diagnosed with IM based on endoscopy and pathology. Six of the patients had EA-TEF type C, whereas the last patient had a "long gap" type A atresia. Patients were diagnosed with gastric metaplasia either before the IM diagnosis in 4 patients or concomitantly in 3. The median (range) age of diagnosis for gastric metaplasia was 7.9 (range 2-17.2) and for IM 10.9 (2-17.2) years. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms were nonspecific. Five patients were on proton pump inhibitor therapy for symptomatic GER at the time of diagnosis of IM. 2 of the 7 patients had previously undergone Nissen fundoplication. One patient, who had undergone a Nissen fundoplication, was restarted on proton pump inhibitor once the diagnosis of IM was made. All patients had repeated endoscopy and dysplasia was not observed with a median follow-up of 1.7 (range 1-4.9) years. CONCLUSIONS: IM occurs in patients with EA-TEF, some as young as 2 years. Therefore, early endoscopic surveillance should be considered in this GER-prone population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".