Bibliographic record
Abstract
Flat roof surfaces represent a significant proportion of urban areas and perform a variety of functions for buildings, with a corresponding variety of impacts on the urban environment and its infrastructure. One of the most important flat roof functions is the collection and discharge of rainwater, which especially during storms has a substantial impact on municipal sewer systems and the water bodies into which they discharge. The use of vegetated, or ‘green’, roofs has become a prevalent strategy for mitigating the impacts of stormwater runoff from flat roof surfaces in urban areas, including in Canadian cities, and has received a significant amount of research attention. There is also a variety of ‘blue’ roof strategies that involve detention or retention of rainwater, either on roof surfaces or in cisterns. These approaches have received considerably less research attention, particularly for large buildings. \n \nThis study compares the performance of green and blue roof systems, based on their effectiveness as stormwater management strategies, as well as their life cycle energy, carbon dioxide, and economic impacts. The more qualitative attributes of green and blue roofs are also explored, as well as their compatibility with other rooftop technologies including solar photovoltaic panels, solar thermal hot water heating systems, and high albedo membranes. In this context, the apparently under-appreciated opportunities for rainwater harvesting and reuse inside buildings are examined for a variety of large building types in three Canadian cities with different climatic conditions: Calgary, Alberta, London, Ontario, and Halifax, Nova Scotia. \n \nFrom this investigation, recommended decision criteria are developed for the selection of the most appropriate green or blue roof strategies depending on the characteristics of a particular building project, including its size, occupancy, geographic location, and urban context. Limitations of this study’s methods, as well as issues in need of further research, are also discussed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".