THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GLOBALIZATION AND MILITARY EXPENDITURES IN G7 COUNTRIES: EVIDENCE FROM A PANEL DATA ANALYSIS
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study explores the causal linkages between military expenditure and globalization in G7 countries (i.e. Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the UK, and the USA) by analyzing data for the period 1988-2011. Panel causality was examined to explain dependency and heterogeneity across countries. The results of one-way Granger causality show that globalization influenced military expenditures in Germany, and Japan. Moreover, there was no evidence that military expenditures caused globalization in any G7 country. The evidence from Italy shows interaction causality between globalization and military expenditure. Bootstrap panel Granger causality tests show that the causality between globalization and military expenditure varies across countries with different conditions. The findings of this study could provide important policy implications for the G7 countries under study.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it