Tundish Open Eye Formation: A Trivial Event with Dire Consequences
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Inert gas shrouding is a traditional practice in tundish metallurgy and has several benefits such as, protecting the melt stream from air aspirations, aiding inclusion flotation with argon bubbles, and also possible thermal and chemical homogenization. On the down side, it displaces the protective slag layer on the top of the melt, and exposes the steel to the ambient atmosphere. This region is often referred to as the slag eye or open eye. This exposed area leads to higher radiative heat losses, reoxidation of the liquid steel, nitrogen pickup, and subsequent inclusion formation. Although perceived as a trivial event by many, Tundish Open Eye (TOE) has dire consequences. In the present work, TOE formation and its consequences have been investigated. The mathematical modeling of this turbulent multiphase system is performed using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method, and discrete phase method (DPM), coupled with the standard k‐ϵ turbulence model. The mathematical model is compared with the water model results and plant trials. The main objective is to ensure that the steelmaking tundish acts as a refiner and not as a contaminator.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".