Having the Time of Our Lives? How Threat Appraisal is Influenced by the Subjective Nature of Time
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Temporal construal is the cognitive process that determines an event’s location in time and the experience of its distance from the present. The greater the temporal distance, the more likely events are represented in abstract versus concrete features. This experiment examined temporal construal’s effect on threat appraisal of a stressful medical procedure, where the manipulation involved university students imagining the procedure in concrete or abstract terms. The near-future group was expected to interpret the procedure as nearer and more threatening than the distant-future group on questionnaires. An Implicit Association Test (IAT) measured response latencies during categorization of stimuli into paired concepts (threat and time). A significant interaction was found between a personality trait and temporal construal on the perceived distance of the procedure, t(189) = 2.14, p = .03. IAT results found that participants were faster at categorizing stimuli into congruent versus incongruent pairs, t(179) = 4.05, p < .001.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".