Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the first century AD a Roman Citizen could proudly declare ‘Civis Romanus Sum’ anywhere in the world in order to assert the rights and protections which were owed to them by their powerful city state. The phrase was emphatically repeated by Lord Palmerston in 1850 in a call that, even when abroad, every British citizen should receive the state’s protection. For both Roman and Briton, the shared sentiment was that regardless of geographic location they would be protected by their government. The modern day protection offered to the citizen abroad is of a more subtle manner and much less intrusive than before, yet it is arguably more necessary than ever. The effects of globalization, specifically cross-border tourist travel and mass emigration, have generated renewed calls for clarity of the extent to which citizens will receive protection from their home state when outside its territorial borders. This paper explores this legal relationship between a citizen and state through a comparative analysis of the extraterritorial protections offered to nationals of Britain, Canada, South Africa and the United States of America.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".