Temperature flux carried by individual eddies across 47°N in the <scp>A</scp>tlantic <scp>O</scp>cean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Surface geostrophic velocity fields derived from satellite altimetry between January 1993 and April 2014 are used to detect and investigate eddies in the North Atlantic between 40°N–55°N and 60°W–10°W. Focus is on a zonal section along 47°N, roughly at the boundary between the subpolar and the subtropical gyres. Sea surface temperature data are used to quantify the temperature anomalies associated with eddies and the respective surface temperature fluxes related to these eddies. Identified eddy pathways across 47°N are related to the mean background velocity from full‐depth ship observations carried out on 11 cruises between 2003 and 2014. The analysis is repeated in two model simulations with 1/4° and 1/12° horizontal resolution, respectively, for the period 2002–2013. The analysis reveals almost 37,000 altimeter‐derived eddies with a lifetime longer than 1 week in the area. The highest number of eddies is found along the pathway of the North Atlantic Current, roughly following the 4000 m isobath, and on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Time series of temperature fluxes by eddies crossing 47°N reveal that single isolated eddies with large SST signatures contribute ∼25% to the surface temperature flux. Relating the observed eddies to the observed top‐to‐bottom velocity distribution at 47°N points to the existence of eddy pathways across 47°. The highest‐temperature fluxes are linked to the fastest and most pronounced current branches in the western Newfoundland Basin. While there are fewer eddies in both model simulations, the key findings are consistent between the observations and the two model simulations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".