Articles Originally Presented at the Eiss Conference on <i>Federalism and Subsidiarity in Social Security</i> in Rome, September 2004: Old-Age Benefits and Decentralisation: The Spanish Case in Comparative Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The decentralisation of social security in general, and old-age pensions in particular, has been proposed by several nationalist parties in Spain. The purpose of this article is to analyse the rationality of this proposal, taking into account efficiency and equity issues. It is divided into four sections. The first introductory section reviews the most important literature on fiscal federalism, applying it to pensions. The second section analyses the division of competencies in Spanish old-age benefits, focusing specifically on legal aspects. The third describes the degree of decentralisation of public transfers for the elderly in several countries: Belgium, Canada, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom. The final section evaluates the current Spanish system, considers the possibility of decentralisation in the light of economic efficiency, territorial equity and lessons learnt from other federal countries, and examines the evolution of the principal quantitative variables regarding the old-age pensions in the different Autonomous Regions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".