Superluminal group velocity in CRLH transmission line metamaterials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the pioneering works of Brillouin and Sommerfeld [1], the intriguing concept of group velocity has generated a lot of academic excitement. In particular, many papers, both theoretical and experimental, have reported superluminal group velocity and have explained this phenomenon in the context of Einstein's relativity [2]-[7]. In general in these papers, superluminal group velocity is associated with anomalous dispersion (∂n / ∂ω < 0) and occurs in a strongly absorptive band (stop-band) of the propagation medium, where extremely little transmission is achieved. In fact, such superluminal transmission occurs in many engineering devices, such as in microwave filters, but has then little practical interest because both of high distortion (due to high dispersion) and low transmission (due to stop-band). As pointed out by Brillouin and Sommerfeld, the group velocity under these conditions do not have a real physical meaning, since no information can be transmitted (the input pulse so much distorted that its detection at the output is impossible.) and should rather be replaced by the more meaningful concepts of energy velocity or front velocity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".