Retinoic Acid Receptor Alpha in Germ Cells Is Important for the Organization of Germ Cell Layers in the Seminiferous Tubules.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transcription factor Retinoic Acid Receptor alpha (RARA) mediates the effect of retinoic acid. Previous studies have shown that Rara-/- male mice were sterile. The testis from Rara-/- mice exhibited various degrees of tubular degeneration, with the most severe form resembling the vitamin A-deficient testicular phenotype. To determine if the deleterious effect was caused by the direct consequence of Rara loss in germ cells, we selectively deleted exon 4 of the receptor gene in germ cells using the cre/loxP system. A transgenic mouse line expressing Cre recombinase, driven by a Stimulated by Retinoic Acid 8 (Stra8) promoter, was used to remove Rara in type A and B spermatogonia, as well as in preleptotene spermatocytes, where STRA8 is highly expressed. In testes of conditional knockout mice, there were fewer pachytene spermatocytes at postnatal day 15, a similar phenotype observed for the null mutant of Rara. Starting at day 25, vacuoles were visible within seminiferous tubules, indicating that germ cell loss occurs in the first wave of spermatogenesis. By day 45, disorganization of germ cell layers could be seen within tubule cross sections. Antibodies to germ cell markers were used to characterize germ cell loss and germ cell layer disorganization. For example, anti-STRA8 and anti-γH2AX antibodies were used to quantify spermatogonial and meiotic germ cell numbers in pubertal and adult mutant testes. Anti-SYCP3 antibody was used to examine meiotic chromosomal defects. Altogether, these studies shed light on the role of RARA in the regulation of meiotic prophase and the organization of germ cells layers during spermatogenesis. The project described was supported by Award Number T32GM083864 from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences or the National Institutes of Health. (poster)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".