Salinity tolerance, adsorption, and emulsification properties of nonylphenol alkyl sulphonates derived from bi‐component linear alpha olefin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT A series of bi‐component nonylphenol alkyl sulphonate surfactants with different alkyl chains (C 12/ n ‐NPAS, n = 8, 10, 14, 16) were synthesized through sulphonation‐alkylation‐neutralization, using a mixture of linear alpha olefins as raw materials. The chemical structures were characterized by FTIR and ESI‐MS. The purity values measured by the two‐phase titration method were all higher than 0.96 g/g (96 wt%). The effects of the raw materials composition on salinity tolerance, adsorption, and emulsification properties were also investigated. There is marked adsorption amount variation for bi‐component surfactants with a strong difference of carbon number of alkyl groups. The salinity tolerance of C 12/n ‐NPAS is about 40 g · L −1 of NaCl, and 0.65 g · L −1 of CaCl 2 . Compared with petroleum sulphonates (14 g · L −1 of NaCl, 0.08 g · L −1 of CaCl 2 ) and LAS (22 g · L −1 of NaCl, 0.37 g · L −1 of CaCl 2 ), NPAS surfactants show a low adsorption, excellent salinity tolerance, and emulsion stability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".